Literary and Linguistic Computing - recent issues

A chronometric approach to Indian alchemical literature

Hellwig, O. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

Indian alchemy, a branch of traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), has produced a corpus of texts that are difficult to date using regular philological techniques. This article describes a contents-based computational method that is capable of calculating the relative chronology of these texts. Central parts of alchemical literature are encoded in a language model that can be understood by a computer and then compared with an alignment algorithm. Phylogenetic trees derived from these alignments show regularities in the ordering of alchemical texts, and these may be interpreted as temporal patterns. Processing these patterns with a minimization algorithm, we are able to compute a relative chronology of the corpus, which is largely consistent with results obtained using traditional philological techniques.

Assessing frequency changes in multistage diachronic corpora: Applications for historical corpus linguistics and the study of language acquisition

Hilpert, M., Gries, S. Th. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

The use of corpora that are divided into temporally ordered stages is becoming increasingly wide-spread in historical corpus linguistics. This development is partly due to the fact that more and more resources of this kind are being developed. Since the assessment of frequency changes over multiple periods of time is a relatively recent practice, there are few agreed-upon standards of how such trends should be statistically interpreted. This article addresses the need for a basic analytical toolbox that is specifically tailored to the interpretation of frequency changes in multistage diachronic corpora. We present a number of suggestions for the analysis of data that analysts commonly face in historical studies, but also in the study of language acquisition.

Untangling the derivatives: points for clarification in the findings of the Shakespeare Clinic

Merriam, T. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

The work of the Shakespeare Clinic of Claremont McKenna College, led by Ward E.Y. Elliott and Robert J. Valenza, is recognized for its pioneering computer analysis of many early modern texts to determine whether William Shakespeare (1564–1616) wrote the works traditionally ascribed to him. The Clinic achieved its primary objective of eliminating all other known candidates and thus confirming that Shakespeare wrote them. Two general methods of analysis were applied to whole plays and variable-sized large texts: Discrete Composite Analysis and Continuous Composite Analysis.. The first uses univariate analysis to determine acceptance or rejection of forty-eight stylometric tests for each text. The second uses a multi-dimensional composite mean for Shakespeare derived from all forty-eight in order to determine acceptance or rejection for each text. This article notes the omission of Discrete Analysis to take into consideration statistical dependencies between the forty-eight tests, the partly arbitrary ‘handfitting’ of acceptance–rejection boundaries for each of the forty-eight tests, the failure to take into full account the factor of chronology, and the absence of discussion of the part played by prior probabilities as to existing beliefs concerning attribution. By this last point, I mean the role played by the existing traditional consensus as to Shakespeare attribution, prior to linguistic analysis. For Continuous Analysis, it is noted that the stated probabilities are not true probabilities as acknowledged, and that the resulting acceptance–rejection levels for them are calibrated in line with prior beliefs. Principal component analysis is shown to give improved results in dealing with co-authored Shakespeare plays, Henry VIII, Timon of Athens, and Pericles. This does not invalidate the overall aim of the Shakespeare Clinic.

Evaluating methods for computer-assisted stemmatology using artificial benchmark data sets

Roos, T., Heikkila, T. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

Given a collection of imperfect copies of a textual document, the aim of stemmatology is to reconstruct the history of the text, indicating for each variant the source text from it was copied. We describe an experiment involving three artificial benchmark data sets to which a number of computer-assisted stemmatology methods were applied. Contrary to earlier similar experiments, we propose and use a numerical criterion to evaluate all the solutions. Moreover, our primary data set is significantly larger than used before. The results suggest the superiority of two computer-assisted methods amongst those tested: the maximum parsimony method implemented in the PAUP* software package and a related compression-based method we have proposed in earlier work.

Lexical Diversity in a Literary Genre: A Corpus Study of the Rgveda

Sotov, A. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

This research¹ evaluates the extent to which lexical diversity, measured by frequent content words, hapax legomena, and type-token ratios (TTRs), is dependent on three features of the genre of the oral Indo-Aryan cultic poetry represented by the literary corpus of the Rgveda (ca. 165,000 tokens): characteristic choice of subject matter, usage of refrains, and the attribution of hymns to distinct poetic collectives. Analysis of 255 texts of 200 tokens showed that hymns on popular topics and where refrains were attested have a significantly higher rate of high-frequency content words and a lower ratio of once-occurring types. A higher TTR is observed in the hymns of specific family origin. Complexity of genre can be interpreted as a result of different discourse strategies of the poets. Overall, conservative mythological texts are characterized by regularity in word usage. Occurrence of content words, in the entire corpus, with lexemes denoting ‘deities’ on the one side and ‘nature’ on the other is accounted for by the factor of semantics, which deals with the structure of narrative.

Dictionary generation for less-frequent language pairs using WordNet

Varga, I., Yokoyama, S., Hashimoto, C. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

Bilingual dictionaries are vital resources in many areas of natural language processing. Numerous methods of machine translation require bilingual dictionaries of large coverage, but less-frequent language pairs rarely have any digitalized resources of such kind. Since the need for these resources is increasing, but the human resources are scarce for less represented languages, efficient automatized methods are imperative. This article presents a fully automated, robust intermediate language-based bilingual dictionary generation method that uses the WordNet of the intermediate language to build a new bilingual dictionary. We propose the usage of WordNet in order to increase accuracy; we also introduce a bidirectional selection method with a flexible threshold to maximize recall. The evaluations showed 79% accuracy and 51% weighted recall, outperforming representative pivot language-based methods. A dictionary generated with this method will still need manual post-editing, but the improved recall and precision decrease the work of human correctors.

An exercise in non-ideal authorship attribution: the mysterious Maria Ward

Hoover, D. L., Hess, S. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

The dangers of computational approaches to authorship attribution in the absence of an adequate set of training texts for the claimant authors are well known. This study aims to show, however, that significant progress can be made even where conditions are quite problematic. We investigate a difficult authorship question involving three texts, ostensibly by three authors, each of whom wrote nothing else. Only one of the texts can be unquestionably ascribed to a known author, and this author has been suggested as the true author of one of the two remaining texts. We investigate these three texts, along with similar texts by other authors, using cluster analysis, Delta analysis, t-testing, and PCA. We also create simulations of our authorship problem using sets of three texts of known authorship by one, two, and three authors. We test these sets using correct and incorrect assumptions of authorial difference, and then compare the results with analyses of our three texts based on the same range of assumptions. By combining information from all of these tests, we achieve what we believe is a persuasive, if not conclusive, solution to a significant and long-standing question concerning the authorship of Maria Warda's violently anti-Mormon Female Life Among the Mormons. At the same time, we demonstrate methods for making progress in cases where conditions are less than ideal.

Digital Images for the Information Professional.: Melissa M. Terras.

van Horik, R. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

Cyberculture, Cyborgs and Science Fiction: Consciousness and the Posthuman. * William S. Haney.

Tripp, M. — Mon, 26 Oct 2009 21:31:55 PDT

Introduction

Rahtz, S., Schreibman, S. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

TEI in a crystal ball

Jannidis, F. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is an organization, a research community, and a markup language. Looking back into the history of these three TEIs, this article tries to describe what has been achieved and what its future challenges will be. The historical analysis is based on a closer look at the development of the TEI-L and topics covered by the Guidelines. A final section outlines possible roles of the TEI as an infrastructure for digital libraries and disciplinary virtual environments.

TEI documents in the grid

Zielinski, A., Pempe, W., Gietz, P., Haase, M., Funk, S., Simon, C. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

This article describes the life cycle of a TEI Document within TextGrid, an eHumanities platform for scholarly text processing, in which structured search is based on the TEI framework and metadata with restricted values. A workbench is provided that offers tools for handling TEI documents, TextGridLab, making it easier to annotate, process, search, and persistently store new digitized texts. The digitization and annotation of the Campe dictionary¹ serves as a first test bed. The overall framework of TextGrid is very generic and can handle different types of text (literary editions, linguistic corpora, lexica) as well as heterogeneous data formats (plain text, XML/TEI, images). In fact, the TextGrid repository, TextGridRep, is designed as a digital virtual library over federated archives, where humanities projects are invited to participate. Sharing of data is enabled by means of a grid-based architecture. Specifically the middleware includes most of the treatment of authorization, search, and file management. TextGrid is entirely based on open source software including Eclipse² and Globus Toolkit.

The making of TEI P5

Wittern, C., Ciula, A., Tuohy, C. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

The TEI Consortium has taken on the task of maintaining the Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. This article describes how the latest major revision to these Guidelines was developed over the course of >6 years by the members of the TEI Technical Council and workgroups charged and overseen by the Council and gives background information and reasoning for the decisions taken. Among the new additions for P5, two of the most outstanding, the chapters on Names, Dates, People, and Places and on digital facsimiles are treated in some more detail. The article concludes with a brief account of the decisions made with respect to customization and conformance.

Teaching TEI: The Need for TEI by Example

Terras, M., Van den Branden, R., Vanhoutte, E. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)¹ has provided a complex and comprehensive system of provisions for scholarly text encoding. Although a major focus of the ‘digital humanities’ domain, and despite much teaching effort by the TEI community, there is a lack of teaching materials available, which would encourage the adoption of the TEI's recommendations and the widespread use of its text encoding guidelines in the wider academic community. This article describes the background, plans, and aims of the TEI by Example project, and why we believe it is a necessary addition to the materials currently provided by the TEI itself. The teaching materials currently available are not suited to the needs of self directed learners, and the development of stand alone, online tutorials in the TEI are an essential addition to the extant resources, in order to encourage and facilitate the uptake of TEI by both individuals and institutions.

Converting Saint Paul: A new TEI P5 edition of The Conversion of Saint Paul using stand-off methodology

Cummings, J. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

This article reports on the details behind a poster presented a the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Members' Meeting at the University of Maryland, College Park, in November 2007. It looks at the creation of of af scholarly electronic edition of a late-medieval play, The Conversion of Saint Paul from Bodleian MS Digby 133 using TEI P5 XML. In addition to exploring various new features available in the TEI P5 Guidelines, it also examines the methodology used to create the text, up-scaling from purely presentation markup to descriptive markup, and how this might simplify the creation of such editions. In an attempt to create an interoperable, flexible, and agile edition, it stores anything not directly related to the transcription of the text in separate files in a stand-off manner. In an attempt to experiment with creating a resource which leverages the advantages of networked editions, it documents the attempt to interoperate with the Middle English Dictionary. Although this first appears to be a failure, it highlights some of the inherent problems in attempting to build editions that are dependent on the resources of others. The article concludes with an urge to text encoders to make more of an effort to share examples of, both good and bad, community practice.

Reconstructing the textual evolution of a medieval manuscript

Rehbein, M. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

This article presents the results of the work on kundige bok, one of Göttingen's town records, containing late medieval town law. Due to the fact that this law was frequently subject to change, the text itself was revised over and over again, giving evidence for its frequent use and its dynamic nature. What has come to us, is, thus, a multi-layered text in which all layers represent a different (e.g. chronological) stage of the town law. Consequently they have to be regarded, processed and represented equally. A dynamic text like this requires a dynamic representation. The article shows how an electronic scholarly edition of a multi-layered text can be created and used, first, to reconstruct the genesis of the text; second, to make this evolution understandable, processable and visible; and third, with the text as a witness to display the development of urban law and urban life in the Late Middle Ages.

This article:

outlines the challenge of editing a multi-layered medieval manuscript;

discusses why this leads to a new understanding of a critical edition of such a text; and

introduces the techniques used to create the electronic edition of kundige bok, in particular highlighting the linkage between the two dimensions of ‘text’and ‘time’ based on the TEI P5 scheme.

The digital edition of the Statuta comunis Vicentie of 1264

Siciliano, L., Salardi, V. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

This article investigates the issues to be faced while producing a digital edition of a representative medieval text: Statuta Comunis Vicentie (1264). Statuta comunis are collections of civic rules very common in Northern Italy since the twelfth century. We are dealing specifically with the ones of Vicenza, a town near Venice. Statuta were usually organized in a single or multiple codices, including the collection of the civic rules, matched and allotted in big chapters (libri) according to the subject. Another fundamental characteristic is the constant review of the original text in different periods, generally due to changes in the government or in the organization of the city. Therefore, the most relevant matters to deal with are: first, description of metadata; second, structural analysis of the text; third, the markup of the additions and amendments; and fourth; identification of specific semantic values, in particular personal names, organizational names and names of places. This article outlines the reasons for choosing XML/TEI for the project, how to address the four matters listed above and how the chosen standard can be customized to treat the peculiar aspects of this text according to the traditional editing practice.

The TEIViewer: Facilitating the transition from XML to web display

Schlitz, S. A., Bodine, G. S. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

This article addresses the need for TEI display tools. In order to illustrate the need for display tools, we begin with a brief review of the tools that are currently available, summarizing in particular those listed on the TEI Wiki Tools page. We then turn to a discussion of our work on the development of the TEIViewer (http://teiviewer.org), a simple, JavaScript-driven, portable display tool designed to facilitate the online representation of and interaction with elements and attributes described within select modules of the TEI P5 Guidelines and encoded as layers of data and metadata in TEI-XML documents. We explain how the TEIViewer works by describing the interactions between the XML source layer, the display layer generated via XSL, and the interactive layer powered by jQuery and CSS; and we explain why we chose the jQuery JavaScript library to manage the Viewer's functionality as well as the advantages of this decision. Finally we describe current implementations and plans for release.

Towards a TEI-based encoding scheme for the annotation of parallel texts

Boot, P. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

Translation, adaptation, and other forms of appropriation of literary works can result in bodies of parallel texts. For the purpose of studying appropriation strategies, it is important to be able to annotate digital representations of these parallel text structures. This article uses early modern emblem culture (books of engravings or woodcuts, accompanied by mottos and explanatory texts) to investigate the forms this text parallelism may take. It defines requirements for annotation definition and proposes a TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) extension to implement these requirements. In the proposed encoding scheme, TEI feature structures will be used for storing annotation information. This scheme should be useful for annotating parallel text structures as well as for other annotation tasks. The annotation scheme assumes the annotated texts are available in XML. If this is not the case (there is no electronic version of the text at all or perhaps only a facsimile) the article suggests the definition of a TEI proxy document. A TEI proxy document contains enough of the structural aspects of the texts to serve as a basis for attaching annotations to the text. Outside of the annotation context, proxy documents may serve as a basis for adding functionality to image-based editions.

SusTEInability of linguistic resources through feature structures

Witt, A., Rehm, G., Hinrichs, E., Lehmberg, T., Stegmann, J. — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:09:11 PDT

This article shows that the TEI tag set for feature structures can be adopted to represent a heterogeneous set of linguistic corpora. The majority of corpora is annotated using markup languages that are based on the Annotation Graph framework, the upcoming Linguistic Annotation Format ISO standard, or according to tag sets defined by or based upon the TEI guidelines. A unified representation comprises the separation of conceptually different annotation layers contained in the original corpus data (e.g. syntax, phonology, and semantics) into multiple XML files. These annotation layers are linked to each other implicitly by the identical textual content of all files. A suitable data structure for the representation of these annotations is a multi-rooted tree that again can be represented by the TEI and ISO tag set for feature structures. The mapping process and representational issues are discussed as well as the advantages and drawbacks associated with the use of the TEI tag set for feature structures as a storage and exchange format for linguistically annotated data.

Intoduction

Opas-Hanninen, L. L., Ore, E. S., Warwick, C. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

Reflecting on a dual publication: Henry III Fine Rolls print and web

Ciula, A., Lopez, T. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

The Henry III Fine Rolls project is a collaborative project between the National Archives in the UK, the departments of History and the Centre for Computing in the Humanities at King's College London, and the department of History and American Studies at Canterbury Christ Church University. Its aim is to produce a digital and print edition of the Fine Rolls from the reign of the 13th-century English King Henry III (1216–72). At the core of the resource are the translated summaries of the fine rolls which have been encoded in TEI XML, complemented by an overarching RDF/OWL conceptual model and digital facsimiles. In this article, we reflect on the ontological complexities of a dual publication, by bringing together various theoretical frameworks. Our aim is to take inspiration from these theories and connect them to the experience of producing two objects of different materiality but of very close scope. Ultimately, we will also explain how some of these reflections have been used to design a study for evaluating the utility of this edition.

Annotated Facsimile Editions: Defining macro-level structure for image-based electronic editions

Audenaert, N., Furuta, R. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

Annotated Facsimile Edition (AFED) is a high-level model for representing macro-level structure in digital facsimiles. AFED models a facsimile as a set of images with multiple orderings or collations. The structure of these collations are encoded by ‘annotations’ that define a range of images in the collation and describe the properties of the content object identified by the annotations (for example, chapter, paragraph, page, poem). Separate annotation streams encode multiple analytical perspectives, for example, the physical structure of the edition (volumes, pages, and lines) and the poetic structure (poems, titles, epigraphs, and stanzas). Annotations within a single analytical perspective—but not those from different perspectives—follow a hierarchical structure. We discuss our initial results in implementing AFED and using it to deploy a reading interface for AJAX enabled rich-client Web applications. The primary contribution of our work is a general-purpose model for representing digital facsimiles that focuses on the major conceptual structures present among the contents of documents drawn from a wide range of sources. AFED provides a highly flexible model that can serve as a substrate for developing tools designed to support visual document editing during the exploratory stages of scholarly research.

Performance as digital text: Capturing signals and secret messages in a media-rich experience

Coartney, J. S., Wiesner, S. L. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

As libraries increasingly undertake digitization projects, it behooves us to consider the collection/capture, organization, preservation, and dissemination of all forms of documentation, including and beyond written text. While several libraries have funded projects which acknowledge the need to digitize other forms of text, few have extended the digital projects to include film, much less performed texts. Further, as more performing arts incorporate born-digital elements, use digital tools to create media-rich performance experiences, and look to the possibility for digital preservation of the performance text, the capture of the performance event and its born-digital artefacts must be considered. This article, then, presents a first look at the ARTeFACT project, undertaken at the University of Virginia Library in collaboration with an introductory course in Engineering and a student choreographer at Brenau University Women's College. Historical intersections of technology and dance are introduced, theoretical concerns of using technology in dance are considered, the processes involved in the creation, capture, and preservation of dance data are discussed along with the technologies used to produce an interactive dance performance.

TEI and cultural heritage ontologies: Exchange of information?

Ore, C.-E., Eide, O. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

The content in information systems and virtual reconstructions in the cultural heritage sector is to a large degree directly based on information deduced from the study of texts. In many cases, even if the texts are available electronically, the links from the deduced facts to the original texts are not available and in many cases very costly to re-establish. Reproducibility of results is a core concept in text-based research as in all research. Thus, such links should be expressed explicitly in the systems and in accordance with the data standards developed in the fields of text encoding and conceptual modelling. To do this it is necessary to create a combined understanding of text encoding represented by the TEI guidelines and the understanding of conceptual models represented by initiatives like the CIDOC CRM and FRBR_oo. In this article, we study a part of this complex by comparing the expressive power of the real world descriptions TEI P5 by mapping central parts of the CIDOC CRM onto TEI P5. It is clear that the TEI P5 has moved a great step in the direction towards an event-oriented model compared with TEI P4. Our use of CIDOC CRM as a yardstick shows that the expressiveness of TEI P5 can be greatly improved by extending the scope of very restricted elements like the relation element and adding a few new elements to the TEI.

The TEI as luminol: Forensic philology in a digital age

Schlitz, S. A. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

The purpose of this article is to introduce and explore forensic philology in the context of electronic text editing. Drawing primarily on the example provided by the development of a TEI P5 conformant edition of Hafgeirs saga Flateyings, an alleged Icelandic saga forgery attested in a single, unsigned eighteenth century paper manuscript, this discussion explains how literary, linguistic, and transmission-level interpretations can be employed to describe the saga text and to bear witness to its origin and transmission process. It further explains how encoding the metadata described in these interpretations beside the data described in (near)zero-level text can be accomplished without sacrificing the role of the manuscript as artefact and without sacrificing the appearance of the text as it occurs on the page.

TEI Analytics: converting documents into a TEI format for cross-collection text analysis

Pytlik Zillig, B. L. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

For the purposes of large-scale analysis of XML/SGML files, converting humanities texts into a common form of markup represents a technical challenge. The MONK (Metadata Offer New Knowledge) Project has developed both a common format, TEI Analytics (a TEI subset designed to facilitate interoperability of text archives) and a command-line tool, Abbot, that performs the conversion. Abbot relies upon a new technique, schema harvesting, developed by the author to convert text documents into TEI-A. This article has two aims: first, to describe the TEI-A format itself and, second, to outline the methods used to convert files. More generally, it is hoped that the techniques described will lead to greater interoperability of text documents for text analysis in a wider context.

Sustainability of annotated resources in linguistics: A web-platform for exploring, querying, and distributing linguistic corpora and other resources

Rehm, G., Schonefeld, O., Witt, A., Hinrichs, E., Reis, M. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

We report on finished work in a project that is concerned with providing methods, tools, best practice guidelines, and solutions for sustainable linguistic resources. The article discusses several general aspects of sustainability and introduces an approach to normalizing corpus data and metadata records. Moreover, the architecture of the sustainability platform implemented by the authors is described.

iTrench: A study of user reactions to the use of information technology in field archaeology

Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

This article describes work undertaken by the VERA project to investigate how archaeologists work with information technology (IT) on excavation sites. We used a diary study to research the usual patterns of behaviour of archaeologists digging the Silchester Roman town site during the summer of 2007. Although recording had previously been undertaken using pen and paper, during the 2007 season a part of the dig was dedicated to trials of IT and archaeologists used digital pens and paper and Nokia N800 handheld PDAs to record their work. The goal of the trial was to see whether it was possible to record data from the dig whilst still on site, rather than waiting until after the excavation to enter it into the Integrated Archaeological Database (IADB) and to determine whether the archaeologists found the new technology helpful. The digital pens were a success, however, the N800s were not successful given the extreme conditions on site. Our findings confirmed that it was important that technology should fit in well with the work being undertaken rather than being used for its own sake, and should respect established work flows. We also found that the quality of data being entered was a recurrent concern as was the reliability of the infrastructure and equipment.

'It's a team if you use "reply all" ': An exploration of research teams in digital humanities environments

Siemens, L. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

Given that the nature of research work involves computers and a variety of skills and expertise, Digital Humanities researchers are working collaboratively within their institutions and with others nationally and internationallly to undertake the research. This work typically involves the need to coordinate efforts between academics, undergraduate and graduate students, research assistants, computer programmers, librarians, and other individuals as well as the need to manage financial and other resources. Despite this use of collaboration, there has been little formal research on team development within this community. This article reports on a research project exploring the nature of Digital Humanities research teams. Drawing upon interviews with members of the community, a series of exemplary patterns and models of research collaboration are identified and outlined. Important themes include a definition of team which focuses on common tasks and outcomes as well as a need for responsibility and accountability to the team as a whole; elements of a successful team which include clear task definition and productive working relationships over the life of the project and beyond, a need for balance between digital and face-to-face communication and collaboration tools, and potential for more deliberate training in collaboration and team work. The article concludes with recommendations for the individual team members, project leaders, and teams.

From Common Sense to Common Knowledge. And Vice Versa

Van den Branden, R. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

Scholarship in the Digital Age: Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet. * Christine L. Borgman.

Spiro, L. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT

Errors and Intelligence in Computer-Assisted Language Learning. Parsers and Pedagogues. * Trude Heift and Mathias Schulze.

Nerbonne, J. — Thu, 21 May 2009 00:40:24 PDT